These concepts are applied on transactions, which manipulate data in a database. ACID Properties − DBMS follows the concepts of Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability normallyshortenedasACID. Traditionally it was not possible where file-processing system was used. A user can apply as many and as different filtering options as required to retrieve a set of data. Query Language − DBMS is equipped with query language, which makes it more efficient to retrieve and manipulate data. A DBMS can provide greater consistency as compared to earlier forms of data storing applications like file-processing systems. There exist methods and techniques, which can detect attempt of leaving database in inconsistent state. Consistency − Consistency is a state where every relation in a database remains consistent. Normalization is a mathematically rich and scientific process that reduces data redundancy. Less redundancy − DBMS follows the rules of normalization, which splits a relation when any of its attributes is having redundancy in values. DBMS also stores metadata, which is data about data, to ease its own process. A database is an active entity, whereas data is said to be passive, on which the database works and organizes. Isolation of data and application − A database system is entirely different than its data. A user can understand the architecture of a database just by looking at the table names. Relation-based tables − DBMS allows entities and relations among them to form tables. For example, a school database may use students as an entity and their age as an attribute. A modern DBMS has the following characteristics − Real-world entity − A modern DBMS is more realistic and uses real-world entities to design its architecture. DBMS was a new concept then, and all the research was done to make it overcome the deficiencies in traditional style of data management. Characteristics Traditionally, data was organized in file formats. A database management system stores data in such a way that it becomes easier to retrieve, manipulate, and produce information. For example, if we have data about marks obtained by all students, we can then conclude about toppers and average marks. Data aids in producing information, which is based on facts.
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